The only purported mention of Jesus in history is dubious.
He did not write anything himself that has survived.
Antiquities of the Jews (Antiquitates Judaicae in Latin) was a work published by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus about 93-94.
Antiquities of the Jews is a history of the Jewish people, written in Greek for Josephus' gentile patrons. Beginning with the creation of Adam and Eve, it follows the events of the historical books of the Hebrew Bible, but sometimes omits or adds information.
The extant copies of this work, which all derive from Christian sources, even the recently-recovered Arabic version, contain two passages about Jesus. The long one has come to be known as the Testimonium Flavianum. If genuine, it is the earliest record of Jesus in Jewish sources, and as such is sometimes cited as independent evidence for the historical existence of Jesus. However, most scholars view the Testimonium Flavianum as dubious - not only does the text read more continuously without it, but despite Josephus being a life long Jew, who portrayed Vespasian as the Messiah (Vespasian was Josephus' patron), the Testimonium Flavianum has Josephus state that Jesus was the Christ, foretold by the prophets, and a worker of wonders.
Muhammad, Buddha, and Confucius left writings because they were mere men. God in the flesh (Jesus) and God the Holy Spirit work through men. Muhammad, Buddha, and Confucius beat their chests and proclaimed their diety. Jesus let others do it, which is much more convencing. Which do you tend to believe, someone's opinion of themselves or other's opinion of them? This is all just a form of "looking for loopholes". I tend to wonder why God (Jesus) does certain things the way He does, not why he does not do things the way I would do them. And, to answer your question, Jesus did not make any mistakes. God does not make mistakes. Christianity could not be more precise and clear. The writings of many, about Jesus, plainly state that He is the only way to heaven. Jesus proclaimed that while on earth, but, unlike Muhammad, Buddha, and Confucius, He had those who believe it write it down. Otherwise, we would just think Him another mere mortal like Muhammad, Buddha, and Confucius. I fear your friend's daughter is looking at the life of Jesus and trying to make sense of it as she would a pile of rocks. The main reason for the life of Jesus was so He could give it in return for our sins. I doubt she will ever read that in a college textbook.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5327692
The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot?
The leather-bound papyrus codex, believed to have been translated from the original ancient Greek to the Coptic language around 300 AD, was found in the 1970s in a cave in the desert near El Minya, Egypt. It then circulated among antiquities traders, moving from Egypt to Europe to the United States. The codex languished in a safe deposit box on Long Island, N.Y., for 16 years before being bought in 2000 by Zurich-based antiquities dealer Frieda Nussberger-Tchacos.
When attempts to resell the manuscript fell through, Tchacos -- alarmed by the codex’s rapidly deteriorating state -- transferred it to the Maecenas Foundation for Ancient Art in Basel, Switzerland, in February 2001 for conservation and translation.
Rodolphe Kasser, one of the world’s leading Coptic scholars, was recruited to reconstruct the manuscript and to transcribe and translate the text. The 66-page manuscript contains not only the Gospel of Judas but also a text titled James (also known as First Apocalypse of James), a letter of Peter to Philip and a fragment of a fourth text scholars for now are calling the Book of Allogenes.
The National Geographic Society unveiled the only known copy of the Gospel of Judas on Thursday. The full story of the discovery and restoration of the Gospel of Judas can be seen on the National Geographic Channel. The first showing is Sunday, April 9, at 8 PM ET.
Additionally, the Gospel of Judas is featured on the May cover of National Geographic magazine. Pages of the codex will be on display at the National Geographic Society, and will eventually reside at the Coptic Museum in Cairo, Egypt.
Q&A: Herb Krosney, Author of 'The Lost Gospel'
As part of a ongoing series of conversations with leading researchers and explorers for the Radio Expeditions co-production with the National Geographic Society, Day to Day host Alex Chadwick talks with Herb Krosney, author of The Lost Gospel, a new book about how the Gospel of Judas was found, and the international effort to authenticate, conserve, and translate it:
Question: Herb Krosney, what is in this lost gospel about Judas? What does it say about Judas Iscariot?
Answer: Judas is actually in a totally revised relationship to Jesus. He is Jesus' favorite disciple -- he is the person who enables Jesus to reach the heavens, and he himself is a star in the sky, according to the words of Jesus.
Q: This is not the Judas Iscariot that we know from the Bible. In the Bible, Judas betrays Jesus, but this gospel tells a different story -- Judas' version of what happened. How is it different? What does he say?
A: First of all, Judas and Jesus are meeting in some nether land possibly after the Resurrection. There's no direct mention of the Resurrection. Judas is a different kind of character. He's the person who is asked to make the ultimate sacrifice. And that sacrifice is to sacrifice the life of Jesus in order that Jesus may attain eternity and immortality. And Judas is the one who enables all of us to help find that inner spark within ourselves. I think that the gospel of Judas Iscariot is actually a very reverent document coming from approximately the 2nd century -- well after the four gospels accepted as the canonical gospels were actually written. We don't really know 100 percent that it's Judas' account. We know that a writer in the 2nd century told this story, which is the story of the encounter between Judas Iscariot and Jesus some time after the Resurrection. Judas is actually Jesus' best friend. Judas is the one who enables Jesus to fulfill his mission -- to die and to release that inner spark within himself and within all of us that is the divine. And that is the concept of this absolutely rare 2nd-century document, which is just coming to light.
Q: Jesus in this account instructs Judas to betray him?
A: Yes... and it's implied in some words in the actual canonical Testament -- but in here, it's quite explicit. Jesus is asking Judas to make the ultimate sacrifice -- to sacrifice himself -- and to enable Jesus to fulfill his mission on Earth.
Q: This gospel is written on papyrus, this ancient Egyptian form of paper. It probably dates from about the year 300 (AD). How was it re-discovered? It lay hidden for about 1,700 years?
A: First of all, we believe that it was buried in a burial cave in a place called Kararra, which is on the eastern side of the Nile. It was discovered by some peasants and it was sold to a dealer in Cairo and made the journey from Kararra... Then it began a really incredible 30-year journey which I've tried to trace through the world of antiquities dealers -- people not really knowing what it was, and all the time in a state of constant progressing deterioration.
Q: People didn't know what it was, because it's written in this ancient Coptic language. And even though they knew that had a valuable ancient document, they didn't know how valuable.
A: The first value assigned by the dealer was $3 million -- and $3 million in the early 1980s was an awful lot of money. It may seem a little bit less today, but not much less. It was an unheard-of sum among people who wanted to buy it, and there were people who wanted buy it up until 1983 and 1984.
Q: But they were just buying an ancient document. They didn't know that this was the gospel of Judas?
A: That is correct. They didn't know it was the gospel of Judas. It was not really identified as the gospel of Judas until the year 2000.
Q: That's when a Swiss dealer actually bought it out of a bank vault out on Long Island, which is quite a long story of how it got there, but it lay there for about 16 years. She takes it to Yale and a scholar there says: "This is an unbelievable discovery. I can read this -- it says on the last page, 'This is the gospel of Judas.'"
A: Actually, a scholar in 1983 in Geneva -- also a Yale PhD -- had looked at it, and he had seen the word Judas, but he didn't think it was Judas Iscariot, he thought it was another Judas, Judas Thomas. [That] would have more or less correlated with an earlier find called the Na Kamari, which had been discovered in Egypt in 1945. But this document was absolutely unique, and it is the only remaining testament that we know of a document that was originally written in the 2nd century.
Q: And how do the scholars actually know this is authentic, was really written in the 2nd century? Because there's been so many forgeries, there's so much more to be made from these dealings and things -- how do we know?
A: St. Irenaeus, who lived in the city that is now Lyon, France, wrote a condemnation of this particular document in the year 180 AD -- so we know that original document written in Greek was a valid document -- [that it] was in currency in the early Christian world. It was part of disputes that were flaming within early Christianity.
Q: But there was such a thing as the gospel of Judas?
A: There absolutely was. What we have is a Coptic copy of that Greek original document. Greek and Coptic are written with the same essential lettering but the document had deteriorated considerable. The calligraphy was such that it was almost inevitably judged at first sight by the experts to be a genuine document. At National Geographic, as soon as we got our hands on it, we set up a filming date near Geneva, Switzerland. We filmed the document being examined. Carbon 14 dating estimated this document as coming from an average year of 280, give or take 60 years on either side
Q: How are Biblical scholars going to regard this document? I mean, I guess that's going to be the subject for a while because these translations are new... But how is this going to change our understandings of early Christianity?
A: I think that the gospel of Judas -- the lost gospel -- opens up quite a bit more of the history of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, where we really do not know a lot about early Christianity. Early Christianity was a very diverse movement. The split from Judaism was just occurring. There were remnants from Jewish messianism. We see it to some extent in the gospel of Judas -- we see a whole potential history beginning to unfold, one that we have not really been able to appreciate because the 2nd and 3rd centuries have remained in considerable obscurity over the years.
Q: The gospel's been translated now, it's still in the process of conservation, most of it is kind of stabilized. What will happen to the gospel? Where's it going to go?
A: The gospel first off will be made available for viewing by the public. There's going to be an exhibition that National Geographic is mounting which will also feature aspects of 2nd and 3rd century history and the whole history of how Christianity split from Judaism and evolved into a separate and distinct religion. At the end of the day, the Maecenas Foundation in Switzerland -- which is the owners of the document -- will be donating the document to the government of Egypt, which is where it was found, and will be housed eventually in the Coptic museum in Cairo.
Q: Could you read something from the gospel?
A: (reading) "The star that leads the way is your star, Jesus said to Judas... You will exceed all of them for you will have sacrificed the man that clothes me."
Q: Meaning you will … turn me over to the Romans, and they will crucify me and my spirit will move from the body -- my soul…
A: What he means, as the scholars interpret it, is the soul of Jesus will be liberated from the body that entraps him. His soul is now liberated to come to heaven.
Q: Herb, how do you know that this document that you have is authentic?
A: There's been a process -- first of all, scientific dating, such as carbon dating, which has established the age of the papyrus. We've also at done tests [at National Geographic] on the ink [in which] it was written, and it corresponds with the ink that was [used] at the time. And various calligraphers and philologists that have looked at the document -- some who are among the greatest in the world -- have looked at this, and have no doubt as to its authenticity.
Q: What did it look like when this Swiss woman finally got a hold of it? What kind of shape was it in? She opened these boxes and looked at it -- what did she see?
A: Well, by the time that the Swiss lady who purchased it got to it, it was really a mess. It was practically indecipherable. The pages had been molded and blended together so that it was an incredible job of restoration to separate out the pages. There were numerous fragments that had been floating around, and all of this became a jigsaw puzzle that the experts this great restorer... had to solve. And they worked for five years now, since the middle of the year 2001 up to now, getting this document back to something we can read.
Q: Herb, you're a writer, I know -- not a religious scholar. But can you foresee a time... when this gospel might be included in the New Testament?
A: I would really doubt that it might be included in the New Testament. In early Christianity, there were at least 30 potential gospels floating around, and there were dozens and dozens if not hundreds of original documents which were winnowed down at an early stage in the 3rd and 4th centuries which became the New Testament and the basis of the new religion called Christianity. I don't think that any apocryphal document will now be accepted in the canon of orthodox Christianity. But what this document does is it opens us up into a whole world of history that we had not been able to fully appreciate before, and it gives a new and different interpretation of both Judas and his relationship to Jesus.
Q: An apocryphal document?
A: Well, what was accepted as the canon of the New Testament was one thing, and there are many other documents floating around in early Christianity we can still read today [that] are documents of great interest, but are not accepted as divine revelation. And I think that probably -- almost undoubtedly -- the gospel of Judas, the lost gospel -- will fall into that second category.
For other stuff
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gospeljudas.html
http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/lostgospel/_pdf/GospelofJudas.pdf
http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/lostgospel/_pdf/CopticGospelOfJudas.pdf
http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/manuscripts/gospel_of_judas/
Gospel of Thomas
The Gospel of Thomas is a New Testament-era apocryphon completely preserved in a papyrus Coptic manuscript discovered in 1945 at Nag Hammadi, Egypt. The book was bound in a method now called Coptic binding. Unlike the four canonical gospels, which combine narrative accounts of the life of Jesus with sayings, Thomas is a "sayings" text, a collection of logia, which takes the less structured form of a collection of sayings attributed to Jesus (including brief dialogues), the writing down of which is credited in the incipit to Didymus Judas Thomas. The words Didymus and Thomas are both translated "twin" giving emphasis to the name Judas, a derivative of Judah. The gospel does not have a narrative framework, nor is it worked into any overt philosophical or rhetorical context.
The Gospel of Thomas is distinct and unrelated to other apocryphal or pseudepigraphal works, such as the Acts of Thomas or the work called the Infancy Gospel of Thomas, which expands on the canonical texts to describe the miraculous childhood of Jesus. When Hippolytus and Origen (ca. 233) refer to a "Gospel of Thomas" among the heterodox apocryphal gospels, it is unclear whether they mean the Infancy Gospel of Thomas or this "sayings" Gospel of Thomas. Hippolytus may, however, cite logion 4 with reference to the Naassenes in his Refutation of All Heresies 5.7.20, although the literary connection is weak. The Gospel of Thomas is also distinct from the Book of Thomas the Contender, a clearly Gnostic text.
In the 4th century, Cyril of Jerusalem mentioned a "Gospel of Thomas" in his Cathechesis V: "Let none read the gospel according to Thomas, for it is the work, not of one of the twelve apostles, but of one of Mani's three wicked disciples." Very little trace of Manichaean dualism can be detected in this "sayings" Gospel, the Gospel of Thomas, which is agreed to be simpler and less legend-filled than one would expect from a Manichaean text.
The gospel begins, "These are the sayings that the living Jesus spoke and Didymos Judas Thomas recorded." It should be noted that the word "Didymos" (Greek) and "Thomas" (Hebrew) both mean "Twin" and are not actually names; the presumption being that the reader of the original Greek text would not mistake the Hebrew word "Thomas" for a surname. The name of the person this gospel is attributed to is unclear, but may be the apostle Judas, who is called Thomas to distinguish himself from Judas Iscariot. Or he may be called the twin of Jesus to denote a state of spiritual sameness, referenced in Thomas v. 13, where Jesus says, "I am not your teacher. Because you have drank and become drunk from the very same spring from which I draw." If "Judas," is read as a derivative of, and referential to Judah, the opening of the gospel may allude to a direct communication from Christ (living Jesus) to Judah through "the twin," or earthly Jesus of Nazareth.
This relationship between "Judas Thomas" and Jesus is what distinguishes this gospel from the four other books in the Catholic canon. In the synoptic gospels (Matthew, Mark and Luke), Jesus is a wise teacher, prophet or an anointed (christos) leader. The 'Gospel of John, apart from the Thomas gospel and the synoptic gospels, sees Jesus as a divine heir of the godhead and an object of worship. The events in the John gospel are rearranged and told differently than the other gospels perhaps to support and emphasize this view. In the Thomas gospel, Jesus is a spiritual role model, and he is offering everyone the opportunity to become (experience rebirth as) the anointed one (a Christ) as he is.
The Gospel of Thomas is mystical and emphasizes a direct and unmediated experience of the Divine through becoming a Christ. In Thomas v.108, Jesus said, "Whoever drinks from my mouth will become as I am; I myself shall become that person, and the hidden things will be revealed to him." Furthermore, salvation is personal and found through spiritual (psychological) introspection. In Thomas v.70, Jesus says, "If you bring forth what is within you, what you have will save you. If you do not bring it forth, what you do not have within you will kill you." As such, this form of salvation is idiosyncratic and without literal explanation unless read from a psychological perspective related to Self vs. ego. In Thomas v.3, Jesus says,
...the Kingdom of God is within you...
Isn’t Christian fundamentalism meant to be a basis for a new legalism? Christian fundamentalism seems to me to be replacing the secular with the religious.
I’m not sure that Christian fundamentalism has much to do with Christ’s mission. There were no Christian fundamentalists in Christ’s time, that’s a modern phenomenon.
As far as legalism in Christ’s time I think you juxtaposition modern ideas with the ancient. I’m not sure they would have understood what legalism, as used today, would have meant.
BeyondTheVeil, my dear friend...I am tagging this and, "truth be known" ; ) I actually read this yesterday and I have been prayerfully working on a proper response. I am here, and I will be back to this thoughtful post asap.
Keep me in your good thoughts and continue helping me through some "things" in the loving way you always do. : ) I may be back yet tonight for a brief time. At least long enough to say "hello" and also, I do have a question for you. Would you rather I ask it in here? Or privately? It does have to do with the subject of this blog...but private is good too.
It is your choice my friend "who seeks to know the truth beyond the veil". Yet, it seems that you believe that you are only allowed to perceive and share the flaws born in the divider's weave.
Love, love, love,
Truthsayer
Silverwhisper!
The lack of personally penned writings was most certainly intentional...quite astute my friend : ) And that means that you are partially correct in your assumptions...but, to be partially correct and partially incorrect...well...welcome to the human race! But God and Jesus are perfect in their intentions, ways and reasons. BUT! ; ) The scriptures are also TRUE...selah!
More later my friend.
Truthsayer : )
I understand your concern but the Jews were not exactly a primal force for anything during the period we are talking about. I would go as far as to say that they were an obscure culture in their time. Again you must take into consideration the notion of their obscurity to all but themselves, at that time.
The Jews, to my understanding, were by necessity a self absorbed culture trying to survive in a very harsh and violent environment.
The legalism to which you refer was more a doctrine for their cultural survival at a time when they were threatened with things like the Diaspora, which it must be admitted was a struggle that most tribes at the time did not emerge intact from.
This will surely get some comments
"...the Greek word for 'carpenter' in the gospels actually stands for an underlying Aramaic term that is used metaphorically in the Talmud to denote a scholar." (Porter, 2004, p. 81)
In the Gospels, Jesus is called a tekton, a Greek word that meant not merely a carpenter skilled in making cabinets or furniture but a designer, construction engineer, or architect. A tekton could build a house, construct a bridge, or design a temple." (Starbird, 2003, p. 53)
Archaeologist believes Jesus was a stone mason
08/22/01
GREG GARRISON
News staff writer
Archaeologist Charles Page challenges some of the most basic assumptions about the life of Christ he says Jesus was almost certainly a stone mason, not a carpenter.
He also believes a lot of the scholarship on the life of Christ is riddled with errors and misperceptions. For example, Page asserts that Jesus and his stepfather, Joseph, worked as stone masons in Zippori, a town three miles from Nazareth, which Herod Antipas chose as his capital. At the time Jesus was old enough to accompany Joseph, Zippori was undergoing a massive building campaign to turn the town into a major center of government, commerce, finance and culture.
There would have been very little carpentry, but plenty of stone masonry work for them. The Greek word used to describe Joseph's occupation refers to the building trade, but was translated by the English into carpentry because European building focused more on woodwork and carpentry, he said. In the Middle East in the time of Jesus, almost all building required stonework, not carpentry, Page said.
"The 19th century scholarship on Jesus presents him as a shy, meek, mild, effeminate, semi-literate peasant," Page said. "He worked in an international city, where unless you read Greek, you couldn't read the signs. The street signs were in Greek. He couldn't read His paycheck if couldn't read Latin the coins were Roman. He read Hebrew in the synagogue. He spoke Aramaic in His home. He was a multilingual, highly educated worker and a pumped-up guy He's working all day lifting stones."
http://www.jesuspolice.com/common_error.php?id=6 for details
Nothing is known about Jesus’ middle years. A century after Jesus died, there were many tales about his infancy and childhood. A famous Greek martyr named Justin claimed that Jesus made ploughs and yokes in his father’s workshop,
Most people think that Jesus was a carpenter. The Gospel of Mark says: “Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary…” (6:3), although Matthew has a slightly different wording: “Is not this the carpenter’s son? Is not his mother called Mary?” (13:55)
It is highly unlikely that Jesus was a carpenter. If we examine the 48 parables that occur in the Gospels, not a single one draws upon the experiences of a carpenter. Three of them refer to buildings (e.g., house divided, foolish builder, unfinished tower), and these may offer support for the idea that Jesus’ father was a builder, not a carpenter.
It's also possible that Jesus and his family belonged to a group known as The Sleb, a still existing band of Bedouins, found mostlyin Syria, whose ancestry and customs include not only the Essenes but claim to go all the way back to Cain. This would explain the propensity to travel, which Robert Eisler (1931) has argued (in The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist), claiming that Jesus’ family plied their trade in the timeless manner of the Sleb. Interestingly, the Sleb were known to be accomplished in carpentry, masonry, building and a whole host of skills, and they fit well within the definitions of tekton, the name used to describe Joseph’s occupation. They were also known to be healers (Sinclair, 1952).
"Start with Yeshua. That's his name, not 'Jesus.' It's what his father and mother and his brothers and sisters called him and it's how his followers knew him. Probably the name was pronounced in the rough regional dialectr of Galilee as 'Yeshu'... (Akenson, 2000, p. 57)."
"In pre-exilic times, the name Yehoshua consisted of ... two roots. The first, yeho, is the theophoric referring to God. The second, shua, means "help" and the name meant, "Whose help is YHWH/God." In 2nd temple times, it became a practice NOT to use full theophorics to prevent accidentally voicing the name of God so the theophorics were truncated and Yehoshua became Y'shua. In the Galilee, Aramaic was pronounced differently and Galileans dropped their alefs and ayins like Cockney English drop their H's. Jesus' Galilean friends would have called him Yeshu. Therefore, in Judea and formally, his name was Yeshua, yehSHOO-ah, and in the Galilee his name was pronounced Yeshu, pronounced YEHshoo. Because of strong Hellenistic influence in Palestine at the time, some Jews with the name of Yeshua used a Greek transliteration of the name. Yeshua ben Sirach was one of them who went by the name IHSOUS, pronounced YAYsoos. Hence, Yeshua was rendered IHSOUS." (Jack Kilmon, 2006)
There never was a person named Jesus Christ! His first name wasn’t Jesus and his last name wasn’t Christ. Would you believe that Jesus’ real name in pre-exilic Hebrew was Yehoshua or in the Second Temple period Yeshua or Joshua? When the English rendered the Latin IESVS from the Greeks who translated the Semitic name Yeshua they came up with Jesus (Yehoshua became Yeshua became Iesous became Jesus), and that name stuck. But his real name in his own language was Yeshua, which was a very good name in the Hebrew tradition. It meant – “Yahweh (God) is savior (helper)”.
As far as his last name goes, in those days, people didn’t have last names. He would have been called Yeshua bar Yahosef bar Yaqub, Joshua, son of Joseph, son of Jacob. Yet many people think his last name was Christ! Not true. He was never called Jesus Christ! Jesus/Joshua was believed, by some, to be the Messiah, which in Hebrew (moschiach) means “the anointed one”. The Greek word for the oil used to anoint someone is “khrisma”, and the person so anointed is “Khristos” in Greek, “Christus” in Latin, and “Christ” in English. In reality, had he been considered someone deserving of anointing, he would have been called Joshua the Anointed, or Jesus the Christ.
Silverwhisper here are a few from the easiest source Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia and this list is incomplete!
List of Jewish messiah claimants
Alexander the Great
Judas son of Hezekiah (Ezekias) (c. 4 BCE)
Simon (c. 4 BCE)
Athronges (c. 4-2? BCE)
Honi the circle-maker
Jesus
Theudas (44-46) in the Roman province of Judea
Menahem ben Judah partook in a revolt against Agrippa II in Judea
Simon bar Kokhba (died c. 135), defeated in the Second Jewish-Roman War
Moses of Crete (5th century)
Isḥaḳ ben Ya'ḳub Obadiah Abu 'Isa al-Isfahani of Ispahan lived in Persia during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (684-705).
Yudghan, lived and taught in Persia in the early eighth century disciple of Isḥaḳ ben Ya'ḳub Obadiah Abu 'Isa al-Isfahani of Ispahan
Serene (Sherini, Sheria, Serenus, Zonoria, Saüra) (c. 720)
David Alroy or Alrui (c. 1160)
Abraham Abulafia (b. 1240)
Nissim ben Abraham (c. 1295) active in Avila.
Moses Botarel of Cisneros (c. 1413)
Asher Kay (1502) a German near Venice.
David Reubeni (early sixteenth century).
Solomon Molcho (early sixteenth century).
Hayim Vital (1542-1620)
Sabbatai Zevi (alternative spellings: Shabbetai, Sabbetai, Shabbesai; Zvi, Tzvi) (1626-1676)
Barukhia Russo (Osman Baba), successor of Sabbatai Zevi.
Miguel (Abraham) Cardoso (b. 1630)
Mordecai Mokiakh ("the Rebuker") of Eisenstadt (active 1678-1683)
Jacob Querido (d. 1690), said to be the reincarnation of Shabbetai Zevi.
Löbele Prossnitz (Joseph ben Jacob), early eighteenth century
Jacob Joseph Frank (1726-1791), founder of the Frankist movement.
Shukr Kuhayl I, 19th-century Yemenite pseudo-messiah
Judah ben Shalom (Shukr Kuhayl II), 19th-century Yemenite pseudo-messiah
Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902-1994). While Scneerson never claimed to be the messiah, some say that he hinted at the possibility on a number of occasions, and some followers maintain his status as the messiah to this day.
Menahem ben Judah
Menahem ben Judah, the son of Judas of Galilee and grandson of Hezekiah, the leader of the Zealots, who had troubled Herod, was a warrior. When the war broke out he attacked Masada with his band, armed his followers with the weapons stored there, and proceeded to Jerusalem where he captured the fortress Antonia, overpowering the troops of Agrippa II. Emboldened by his success, he behaved as a king, and claimed the leadership of all the troops. Thereby he aroused the enmity of Eleazar, another Zealot leader, and met death because of a conspiracy against him. He is probably identical with the Menahem ben Hezekiah mentioned in the Talmud (tractate Sanhedrin 98b) and called "the comforter that should relieve".
Simon Bar Kokhba
With the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem the appearance of messiahs ceased for a time. Sixty years later a politico-Messianic movement of large proportions took place with Shimeon Bar Kokhba (also: Bar Kosiba) at its head. This leader of the revolt against Rome was hailed as Messiah-king by Rabbi Akiva, who referred to him, Numbers xxiv: "There shall come forth a star out of Jacob, and a sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite through the corners of Moab,", and Hag. ii; "I will shake the heavens and the earth and I will overthrow the thrones of kingdoms. . . ." (Talmud tractate Sanhedrin97b). Although some doubted his messiahship, he seems to have carried the nation with him for his undertaking. After stirring up a war (133-135) that taxed the power of Rome, he at last met his death on the walls of Bethar. His Messianic movement ended in defeat and misery for the survivors.
I quote...
"sheltercrow: you're correct that the Jews were disenfranchised in the roman empire, where they were not outright persecuted, and indeed that is the sad truth of the Jewish people's existence through most of history.
however: remember that Jesus’ claim to being the messiah means that he is the messiah for whom Jews have been waiting ever since Moses received the ten commandments. Therefore, Jewish custom & practices of the day most certainly had a massive impact on the constituency and thinking of the first disciples."
With respect, I find in these two paragraphs speculation and distortion.
The Jews along with almost all of the conquered people outside the Italian peninsula were disenfranchised to one extent or another. That does not make them a target for special persecution or anything.
Whatever happened to the Jews throughout most of our history has little bearing about their condition at the start of the second millennium. They along with all the others were conquered at one time or another. It was also a common practice for conquers to disperse conquered peoples to make sure they stayed conquered. That does not make them a target for special persecution.
I assume there were some that were waiting for a messiah but it seems, from my reading of history, that so many false messiahs had come and gone and caused such terrible slaughter and violence that their tolerance or acceptance of another was less that you think.
Jewish customs and practices of the day had an influence on the first disciples because they themselves were Jewish. With that said they were not fools and would have viewed yet another messiah claimant with the same disdain that Christians would feel for another person claiming to the second coming of Christ. That is that they would have rejected him as a fool and a dangerous on at that.
The last observation I make is that communication in those days was crude and haphazard. Most of the population of area controlled by the tribes of the Jews would have never even heard of a new messiah much less speculate about his authenticity.
And you still haven’t answered my question “How could you have overlooked Honi the circle-maker?”
Christianity is based on a Jew who was crucified for claiming to be a messiah. The Jewish authorities at the time collaborated with the Romans to crucify this messiah. In his time no Jew of importance thought that his crucifixion was anything other than the putting to death of a man claiming to be another false messiah.
http://www.earlychristianhistory.net/frac.html
1. The Galilean Q Community
The earliest Christian document that we have, is not actually a document that we have! Rather, it’s a derivative document, the so-called “lost gospel” Q. Originally composed around 40-50 CE, it was a source for the three synoptic (or similar) gospels, Matthew, Mark and Luke (“Q” stands for the German word Quelle, meaning “source”). It was obvious to 19th century source critics that the synoptic gospels must have had some common source; over a period of time they distilled out of the synoptics those portions which must have come from their hypothesized source, Q. Their guesswork was confirmed in 1945, with the discovery, at Nag Hammadi Egypt, of a cache of 4th-century Gnostic documents. One of them, the Gospel of Thomas, was a later Gnostic elaboration of Q.
Q is an interesting document. It contains no significant biographical information about Jesus, and very little narrative of any kind. It is, rather, a collection of the sayings of a sage named Jesus, and since it mentions places in Galilee, he must have preached there. Those sayings—some of which have survived into Christianity and are well-known, such as “turn the other cheek”—are actually classical Cynical sayings. Classical Cynics were itinerant philosophers of a Socratic school; the most famous Cynic of ancient times was Diogenes of Sinope. It so happens that there were Cynical schools, just across the Jordan from Galilee, in the mainly-Greek province of Decapolis. There’s some debate over whether Galilee had been fully Hellenized at this time, but the fact is, that even for Jews in Galilee, their chief language was Greek, not Aramaic, so that Greek culture had become a part of life in Galilee—to what extent, is what’s debatable. We can easily suppose that a wandering ethnically-Jewish Cynical sage might have become popular enough that someone recorded some of his sayings. Or, people living there may simply have collected some Cynical sayings, and attributed them to an indefinite person named “Jesus.”
The problem is that, today, there isn’t a whole lot about later Christianity which is Cynical. Classical Cynics disdained most social conventions; they disliked authority figures (a story was told that Alexander the Great came to call upon Diogenes, happening to arrive when he was bathing, and Diogenes put the conqueror to work as a towel-boy!); they distrusted tradition, they questioned everything, and sought to overturn societal expectations. This is not Christianity!
2. Paul’s Cilician Christ-Cult
The next documents we have, chronologically written in the 50s CE, come from the pen of Paul (formerly Saul) of Tarsus. We know nothing of him, other than what he reports in his own letters, and what was eventually put down in the book of Acts, almost a century later. Many of the epistles attributed to him, were not actually written by a mid-1st-century Hellenized Jew from Cilicia; the “genuine” Pauline letters are 1 Thessalonians, Galatians, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Romans, Philemon, and Philippians. Paul speaks of a movement which is of the classical collegia type; these were guilds, of sorts, in which members got together periodically, for companionship, to help one another out in need, etc. Modern lodges or fraternal societies are rough equivalents. Some collegia allowed in only certain kinds of people, usually of a particular profession, while others were ethnic in origin (just like modern ethnic clubs). They met, usually weekly, and in the manner of the mystery-religions of the time, they often had a communal meal.
It’s important to remember, though, that many of these collegia were not religious in origin, and never became religious. What makes Paul’s movement unique, unlike most other collegia, is that it appears to have had a good number of Jews as well as gentiles. Most cities in the eastern Mediterranean had enclaves of Jews, who (usually) kept to themselves. Many gentiles, however, mostly schooled in the Hellenic style, became interested in their “philosophy” (thinking that the synagogues in which the Jews congregated, were philosophical schools of a Hellenic style). In places they were allowed in, to listen to the rabbis teach; these folks become known to Jews as “Godfearers.” At any rate, it appears that the movement to which Paul belonged, was trying to reconcile Greek philosophy and mysticism, with Judaism, so that a new “community” could be forged, in which the Godfearers could become an integral part, rather than just remaining on the fringe.
Paul’s letters, therefore, speak of a “Christ” who is mainly an emanated spiritual being, residing in some remote spiritual plane, along the lines of Neo-Platonic thought. He offers almost nothing in the way of biographical information about his savior figure, and works hard to get Jewish scripture to mesh with Greek mysticism. He develops a notion of “sin,” which was common among Anatolian religions of the time, and claims that Christ delivers the believer from it.
Paul mainly was concerned about gentiles within his movement. This suggests that it was a primarily-Jewish movement, perhaps having started solely among Jews as a way to integrate Greek mysticism into their own religion; only later, prior to Paul’s time, did it “break” from Judaism completely, bringing in the Godfearers. Note that Jews in his movement were, apparently, still required to abide by the Mosaic Law—which also contravenes later Christianity.
3. The Syrian Martyr-Cult
The next Christian document that we know of is the gospel of Mark. Its author used Q as a source, but also appears to have drawn on a Hellenic tradition, that of the martyr. It was related to the “suffering hero,” driven by a cause, who transcends normal human experience and/or ability. A primeval example was the myth of Orpheus, the great musician, whose wife dies while he is on Jason’s quest for the golden fleece; he mourns her, singing dirges, eventually heading to the underworld (and, metaphorically, dying), where his song is so sad and compelling, that Hades himself relents and allows her to return with him. The Pythagorean movement is thought to have been based on Orpean mysticism.
In the case of the gospel of Mark, Jesus dies not for a cause which is at close at hand, such as retrieving his deceased wife, but for something else—soteriology, or improving the human condition. In that regard, the author of Mark departed from the usual Hellenic pattern. Instead he added in the notion of world-transforming savior, akin to the Jewish concept of the Messiah, who would come, re-establish the kingdom of Israel, and bring peace to the earth. Still, the author of Mark departed from even this idea, as Judaism at the time did not consider that the Messiah would have to be a martyr.
The author of Mark, while he uses Jews as figures in his story and discusses topics of interest to Jews of the time, disparages Judaism in general. According to him, Jesus comes down hard on the Pharisees and the Temple establishment. But oddly, he includes a passage wherein Jesus decries the destruction of the Temple, which took place in 70 CE, thus dating his gospel to no earlier than that year. The Christianity of the gospel of Mark is a rather indefinite hodgepodge of Jewish and Hellenic soteriology and some mysticism, which also condemns a good deal of Judaic thought.
4. The Judean “Signs” Community
About the time that Mark was written, another work made the rounds in Palestine. Now known as the Signs Gospel, it is, like Q, a speculative work, but less definite than Q in that there hasn’t been another derivative document to back it up (as in the case of the Gospel of Thomas). It’s really a precursor of the gospel of John, but it left a trail in other early Christian writings such as the epistle of Barnabas—which is why source critics are sure it must have existed. It consists, like Q, of a number of short vignettes, this time describing a teacher whose career consists of unusual supernatural signs of something else. Sign miracles were common in Hellenic mythology. One such sign, the miracle at the wedding in Cana, was part of the Dionysian rites, on the Greek mainland, as described in Euripes’ Bacchae and other sources. Sign-stories were typically used, in Greek mysticism, to represent other truths—they were a code, of sorts. The many mystery-religions of the time all had godmen at their centers, about whom signs stories were told — and many were quite similar to one another.
Unfortunately, as we don’t have complete information about the mystery-religions, we can only speculate as to what the “code” was behind the signs stories. The signs stories were probably presented to initiates of the mystery-religion in stages, one or two at a time, with the former ones helping the initiate interpret later ones.
The Signs Gospel, whatever its metaphorical content may have been, was rather standard mystery-religion material, very much like other literature that trafficked in other mystery-religions. Here again, though, the situation is different from what Christianity became, and different from the other movements we’ve examined (the Q movement, Paul’s Christ-cult, and Mark’s martyrology cult).
5. The Didache Community
The next document is the Didache, or Teachings of the Disciples, first composed around 80-85 CE. The form in which we know it, discovered in Istanbul in modern times, is probably a late revision, very likely having some portions added after its original composition. Differences can be traced, however, using linguistic style evidence. The earliest versions of Didache contained liturgical instructions, outlining proper practices, and offering guidelines for how to relate to one another and to non-believers.
We don’t know where Didache was authored, which leaves us at a disadvantage in understanding it. In its earliest form, however, it was concerned with form, not doctrine, which suggests that at the time it was first written, there was no firm doctrine, or else it was so simple, or unimportant, that it didn’t need to be written. Later 2nd century revisions of Didache would have doctrinal points added, as well as some sayings of Jesus. At any rate, subsequent Christianity does not live up to all the specifications outlined in Didache — so again, we have something which does not fit into the picture.
6. The “Hebrews Epistle” Community
The next significant book is the epistle to the Hebrews, c. 85 CE. Its author was probably Jewish; his work would only have made some sense, at the time, to other Jews—or perhaps Godfearers. He attempts to reconcile sacrifice, which had been part of Judaism, with Greek mystical soteriology and martyrology. In doing so, he establishes that the man who dies for the sins of all, must himself be God—no other sacrifice would suffice. To most Jews of the time, this would have been a preposterous idea, but it may have appealed to some Hellenized Jews. They could retain their old Judaic traditions but embrace Hellenic mysticism, at the same time. Again, this is not what was being taught in the other movements, mentioned above.
Facing the Facts!
Progressing further ahead in time will only get more laborious. We aren’t more than a couple decades out of the 1st century yet, but at no time do we see any harmony among the six “Christian” movements listed already above, beyond a few superficial overlaps.
Contrast this picture with the common belief that Christianity started in one place, with one man, and radiated out from there; this idea just does not stack up, against the documentary evidence of the 1st and early 2nd century!
We’re forced, therefore, to depart with this notion, however traditional it may be. What we have, instead, is many different movements, which all contributed, eventually, to what became Christianity. More to the point, the things these movements taught, were quite dissimilar, and they even had different inherent purposes.
Implications of the Multiple-Origins Theory
Of course, setting aside the single-point-of-origin theory of Christianity, only presents more questions, such as: If these movements were so different, how did they merge together into Christianity? Why do widely-separated movements all give the same name, Jesus/Yeshua, to their central figures? It’s fine to say that multiple sources eventually “created” Christianity, but there must have been a dynamic by which this occurred.
Admittedly, I cannot be too specific about this. What I can say is that these movements did have at least one thing in common: They all crossed the line between the Jewish and Hellenic worlds. The Galilean Q community, for example, were (probably) ethnic Jews who had some Hellenic education and background. Paul’s Christ-cult had as its central problem the task of bringing together of Jews and gentiles. The Signs Gospel community was, like the Q community, ethnic Jews pursuing Hellenic ideas. And on it goes.
Given that Jews or Judaism influenced each of these movements, it would be natural, therefore, that their central figures would be Jewish, with a Jewish name. Jesus/Yeshua was a common name at the time; and furthermore, some Judaic messianism speculated that the Messiah would be Jesus/Yeshua (just as Joshua, which is the same name, followed Moses, so too the Messiah would usher in a new age to follow the Mosaic).
It’s probably this Jewish component within each, which eventually drew all of these movements together. When the Romans put down Jewish uprisings in 70 and 135 CE, this forced Jews to disperse to other parts of the Empire. This exposed other peoples to Judaism, and also, people already in these movements (even gentiles), saw an advantage in drawing together; their world was becoming increasingly hostile to anything Jewish, hence, those within these movements sought mutual protection at the very least.
If it sounds far-fetched to believe that people with different beliefs would alter them in order to come together, it’s actually not surprising. Look, for example, at Paul’s letter to the Galatians. In it, he specifically calls for a major alteration in the cult’s doctrine, in order to release gentiles from the Mosaic Law. In his Corinthian letters, he corrects the Corinthians, who are frequently caught up in traditional Hellenic mystical practices such as prophesying; he instructs them to alter their beliefs in order to coincide with the rest of the Christ-cult. These are just two of many examples of occasions when Christians consciously altered their own doctrine, to achieve harmony with other movements (or at the very least, Paul expected them to!).
Multiple Origins, Many Christianities
Finally — please note that there has never really been a time when Christianity was ever truly “united.” Since the religion’s inception, there’s always been some Christian, somewhere, teaching a divergent doctrine of some sort. In fact, even as the “merger” among these many 1st-century movements took place, they simultaneously drifted apart, into two camps. One, now known as Gnosticism, emphasized the mystical elements of the religion; the other, commonly referred to as “orthodoxy” or Literalism, emphasized form over mysticism. Eventually Literalism became dominant, and wiped out Gnosticism.
What a story!
http://homepage.mac.com/janetshafner1/2005/pages/Honi%20the%20Circle%20Maker.html
Honi the circle-maker lived in the latter part of the first century BCE . He was renowned for his righteousness and for having an extraordinary power of prayer. During a time of great drought in the land of Israel, the people asked Honi to pray for rain.
Honi prayed, but no rain came. Honi then drew a circle in the dust and stood within it and said: ” Master of the Universe! I swear by Your great Name that I shall not move from here until You have mercy on Your children.” A mere trickle of rain came down, so Honi turned once again to heaven. “It is not for this that I have prayed, but for rain to fill cisterns, ditches and caves”. Immediately the rains came in great torrents, flooding the ground and overflowing the wells. The people ran to Honi crying for him to stop the floods of water.
Honi answered them, “ We may not pray on account of an excess of good. Despite this, bring me a bullock for a thanksgiving-offering.” Honi laid his hands on the animal and said: “ This people that you brought out of Egypt can take neither too much evil nor too much good. Please give them what they ask so they may be satisfied.” God sent a wind that blew away the rains, and the people gathered mushrooms and truffles.
The extraordinary rain in the story of Honi has a deeper meaning; it has been connected to the waters of the mist which we read about in the sixth day of Creation. Rashi explains that the water that God used to mold the dirt for man’s creation came from no ordinary rain, but from a unique mist which ascended from the waters of the impenetrable deep.
http://www.neveshalom.org/html/arts/art_gallery_keith.htm
Here is a fragment of the story as it appears in the Mishnah, the early compendium of rabbinic oral wisdom (M. Ta’anit 3:8):
It once happened that they said to Honi Ham'agel (the circle maker): "Pray that rains may fall." He said to them: "Go out and bring in the ovens for the Passover sacrifices so that they will not dissolve." [They were made of clay and would deteriorate in the rain.] He prayed, but rains did not fall. What did he do? He drew a circle and stood within it and he said before God: "Master of the Universe! Your children have turned their faces to me, for I am like a member of Your household. I swear by Your great Name that I will not move from here until You have mercy on Your children."
What happened? It rained like crazy. It would rain so hard that he would have to do something extraordinary, unintended, to stop the rain. “It wasn’t what I was praying for,” Honi said.
http://www.hebrew-with-halabe.com/Honni8dd.htm
Honni the Circle Maker
(The translation Is from the Soncino English Talmud retrieved from
http://www.maqom.com/Honi.html
R. Yohanan said: This righteous man [Honi] was throughout the whole of his life troubled about the meaning of the verse, "A Song of Ascents, When the Lord brought back those that returned to Zion, we were like unto them that dream. (Psalm 126:1)" Is it possible for a man to dream continuously for seventy years?
One day he was journeying on the road and he saw a man planting a carob tree. He asked him, How long does it take [for this tree] to bear fruit? The man replied: Seventy years. He then further asked him: Are you certain that you will live another seventy years? The man replied: I found [ready grown] carob trees in the world; as my forefathers planted these for me so I too plant these for my children.
Honi sat down to have a meal and sleep overcame him. As he slept a rocky formation enclosed him which hid him from sight and he continued to sleep for seventy years. When he awoke he saw a man gathering the fruit of the carob tree and he asked him, Are you the man who planted this tree? The man replied: I am his grandson. Thereupon he exclaimed: It is clear that I slept for seventy years. He then caught sight of his ass who had given birth to several generations of mules and he returned home. He there inquired, Is the son of Honi the Circle-Drawer still alive? The people answered him, His son is no more, but his grandson is still living. Thereupon he said to them: I am Honi the Circle Drawer but no one would believe him. He then repaired to the Beit Hamidrash and there he overheard the scholars say, The law is as clear to us as in the days of Honi the Circle Drawer for whenever he came to the Beit Hamidrash he would settle for the scholars any difficulty that they had. Whereupon he called out, I am he. But the scholars would not believe him nor did they give him the honor due to him. This hurt him greatly and he prayed [for death] and he died. Raba said: Hence the saying, Either companionship or death. (B. Taanit 23a)
Wow ladies and gents...what a lengthy compendium of gnostic views on the Bible, the texts found to be unacceptable and other fun facts to know and tell! : )
I only interject here briefly...really! I just want to mention that eventhough one may quote worldly definitions of gnosticism, and one may label (wrongly, I might add IMOU (there's a new one for you silverwhisper ; )...with all due respect to all concerned that may have, that most likely have a different understanding of gnosticism-vs-literalism or fundamentalism: To believe every word of the Holy Scriptures on all levels (natural level being only one level...and of course, supernatural level being His Kingdom Come ; )
In that Light, I daresay that I may be a bit more accepting and understanding of mystical or supernatural meanings in the scriptures and from my personal walk with The Master, than one that believes Jesus was just a man (even a special or powerful or otherwise exceptional man) that was born, lived, died ("perchance to dream" ; ) and now we are on our own to figure things out for ourselves...just like many believe that He did, I suppose.
Anyway, just wanted to remind everyone that the split came about because some failed to believe that Jesus/Yeshua was conceived of the Holy Spirit, born of a virgin, and that He lived among us as the Face of God, the Hand of God; the embodiment of the One that sent Him....the Son of His Heavenly Father (thanks to the blood of Jesus, we have been reunited to our Heavenly Father), Yahweh. He was crucified, dead and buried in a borrowed tomb (He wasn't going to need it for long anyway).
If you can agree to all of that, then the Father has brought you to knowledge of His Son and it is time, if you have not done so already, for you to gratefully repent (turn from your sin, back to Him) ask Him into your heart as your Savior and the Lord of your life! Hallelujah!
If you cannot agree to all of that, then you are either mistaken or misinformed (accepted error as truth), rebellious (as most of us have been at one time or another), or you simply are not ready to surrender your flesh ; )
Now, please pass the Tootsie Rolls as all this typing has made me quite hungry! Beyond, I did a fascinating word study on your name today. I await your response to my questions before I proceed. Blessings upon you always my friend.
I am so pleased to meet you sheltercrow. I admire your scholarly writing. I can tall that you have studied passionately. Thanks for all of the interesting dissertations! I am in good company here I see!
I have to go now though. I get on here about once a day briefly. It sure is good to see all of you again though...thanks for noticing and remembering me silverwhisper! I'll get back to my comments later, if you are still interested. If not: No worries.
Just good to see everyone again and dip my ethereal toe into the SoulCast Lake of personalities.
Love, love, love,
Truthsayer
My approach is as a researcher not a scholar or writer. The first Council of Nicaea that got the ball rolling.
http://www.answers.com/topic/first-council-of-nicaea
When Constantine succeeded in becoming sole emperor of Rome in A.D. 324, he publicly embraced Christianity. Politically, he saw Christianity as an effective tool of unifying his domain and therefore viewed the Arian controversy as a significant threat to his goal. To solve the problem, in 325 he convened the first ecumenical council of Christendom since Bible days, paying for the delegates to come to the town of Nicea, near the imperial residence.
Nicaea, First Council of, 325, 1st ecumenical council, convened by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great to solve the problems raised by Arianism. It has been said that 318 persons attended, but a more likely number is 225, including every Eastern bishop of importance, four Western bishops (among them Hosius of Córdoba, president of the council), and two papal legates. The chief figures at the council were Arius and his opponent, Athanasius. The council adopted, as a test of faith, a formula that seems to have been based on a simple baptismal creed presented possibly by Eusebius of Caesarea; this was not, however, the creed generally circulated today as the Nicene Creed (see creed). The formula included the Greek word homoousion [consubstantial], which was used concerning the Son and the Father. The word, suggested probably by Hosius, became the touchstone of orthodoxy and the bugbear of Arianism, for it established the divinity and the equality of the Son to the Father. The creed was accepted by all the bishops except two, who were banished along with Arius to Illyricum. The council ruled on other questions as well, attempting to standardize the date of Easter and granting patriarchal authority to the bishop of Alexandria. The First Council of Nicaea was significant as the model and the original of great councils. The test it adopted provided a universal statement of faith in place of the earlier and varying baptismal formulas.
Did Constantine impose the doctrine of the Trinity on the church? Let's respond to a few of the arguments used in support of that belief.
First, the doctrine of the Trinity was a widely held belief prior to the Council of Nicea. Since baptism is a universal act of obedience for new believers, it is significant that Jesus uses Trinitarian language in Matthew 28:19 when He gives the Great Commission to make disciples and baptize in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The Didache, an early manual of church life, also included the Trinitarian language for baptism. It was written in either the late first or early second century after Christ. We find Trinitarian language again being