Law (from the late Old English lagu of probable North Germanic origin) in politics and jurisprudence, is a set of rules or norms of conduct which mandate, forbid or permit specified relationships among people and organizations, intended to provide methods for ensuring the impartial treatment of such people, and provide punishments of/for those who do not follow the established rules of conduct. Law is typically administered through a system of courts in which judges (sometimes with the aid of a jury or lay magistrate) hear disputes between parties, and apply a set of rules in order to provide an outcome that is just and fair. The substantive and procedural laws, and the manner in which laws are administered, are collectively known as a legal system, which typically has developed through tradition in each country. Most countries rely upon the police to enforce the law. Police officers most often, must be professionally trained in law enforcement before they are permitted to act under the color of law, to issue legal warnings and citations, execute search or other legal warrants and to make arrests. Legal practitioners, most often, must be professionally trained in the law before they are permitted to advocate for a party in a court of law, draft legal documents, or give legal advice.