By the name of allah

Two principles of the new theory

1 - principle of neutral of the atom

 

from the properties and structure of the atom we can know the following :

1 - the atom neutral electrically because number of protons equal to the number of electrons and both of them have different and equal charge .

2 - mass of the proton equal 1800 of electron mass.

3 -the nucleus of HE atom {alfa particles which releases from some of radioactive elements } decay in case of absence of electrons causing harmful effects on live cells and become stable , not active atom in case of presence of electrons , known as nobl gas.

4 - when the electrons in the external orbits be excited , the electron leave the orbits and some of radiations releases in different frequencies according to the place of the orbit , is it external or enternal.

5 -in operation of combustion , we find all the particles of the atoms turned into thermal energy  ,that,s mean that , the quantity of the energy depend on the mass of the turned matter , type of the heat is depend on the charge of the particle , because of the positive charge is the main charge in the atoms , so , it,s the source of positive heat and the negative charge is the source of negative heat .

and because there is no relased particles from the combustion operation ,so the energy depend on the mass and also the charge depend on the mass . that ,s mean the proton = 1800 of mass and charge of the electron . not only the mass ...

analysis:

by analysis of ex- items we can understand the following:

1 - the atom is not neutral electrically , because of the big difference in masses between the protons and electrons , but it has positive charge , equal to the number of atomic number {the protons}.. for example O atom has 8 proton charge , fe has 26 proton charge , au has 79 proton charge ,and so on ..

2 - the positive charge take all the place around the nucleus , the limit of the positive charge is the place of the electrons.

3 - the electrons has very small mass and charge in compairing with the protons , but it has very important function which is saving the mass of the protons from decay or dissipation by collecting the lines of the positive radiations of the protons to make an attraction arm between  them ., and also it ,s the particle who make the bonds between atoms , by most external electrons in the atoms ..

4 - the proton equal 1800 of the mass of the electron , and 1800 of it,s charge also .being has same charges , is just theortical principle , no thing can prove it

5 - the charge of most electrons can be ignored , because it becomes sinked in the positive charge of the protons , except the external electrons which known as number of the valency , that,s why , we can say the O atom has 8 proton charge and 2 electron charge ,and the AU atom has 79 proton charge and 1 & 3 electron charge and so on ...

6 - the electron consider complement particle to the proton to save it,s mass , that's why the number of the electrons equals to the number of the protons in every atom .

7 - if the atom is neutral ,then , we can not find any heat energy in any type of the matter ...but the heat energy is the difference between the mass of the protons and electrons .

" you can imagine , building in spherical shape , you can take picture to yourself beside it ,   and another mass , in shape of a small  sphere , you can hold it by your hand . can you imagine that , that building has a charge equal to charge of the sphere in your hand .

 how come ?! ." that,s  similarity to  mass of the proton and mass of the electron .

Essam Gad

Kafr Elsheikh -Egypt

mobile no : 0107244988

e-mail: esamgad_2@yahoo.com

 

2- charge of the protons

it,s known that the charge of all protons is equalled ,but there is one big question about the properties of the elements, what the relation between the different properties of the elements, the nature of the element ,the atomic number ,the valency ,the speed of the electrons ,the degree of the melting and boiling of the elements ?.

when we try to study the relation between these properties ,

 if we suppose that the charge of all protons is equal to each other ,then we must find the properties of the elements is in series chain in all properties with increasing the atomic number , for example we must find the nature of the elements is in series ,gases , then  liquids ,then solids .with series chain in all other properties , the density , the degree of melting and boiling . .

 but in nature we find big difference and varieties in all properties of the elements , we find gas then solid then gas then solid and the liquids between them here and there..

 for example  , in the second period , we find  C , and  NE , in the third period  AL  ,  AR . and in the fourth we find  FE , KR  .and all higher periods ..

the only accepted explaining to this is : the charge of all protons is not equal to each other , for example the charge of proton of  O atom , not the same of charge of proton of  AL atom , not like MN  , not like AU or AG  .and so on .

the next question is : what the charge is higher , and what the charge is lower ?.

the answer of this question is , generally ,  the charge of the protons of gases is higher  than the charge of  protons of liquids and solids .

 by this way we can explaine why the velocity of the electrons of the gases is bigger than the velocity of electrons of solids , and why the radius of atom of the gas is smaller than the radius of solid atom , that,s  because the protons of the gases attracts the electrons by force bigger than the protons of the solids  ,

 these two items , the difference in speed of the electrons of gases and solids , the radius of atoms of gases and solids , can be noticed clearly between the elements with low difference in atomic number [ about 10 ]  ,

 for example , atom O  ,  C ,  and  AL  , AR  , and also  FE  ,   KR  ...the radius of  C atom is :0.77 angst. and radius of  NE  atom is 0.60 angest... while atomic no. of  C is  6  and atomic no. of   NE  is  10 ..

 and similar to this  AL  and  AR  ,the radius of  AL  is 1.25 angest... and radius of  AR  is 0.94  angestrom..while atomic no. of AL  is 13 and atomic no. of  AR  is 18  ..  the same  to  FE  and  KR  .and  all  higher periods  ..

if all protons is equal to each other , the radius of  NE atom must be bigger than the radius of  C atom because it has higher atomic no .

 but we find the opposite in the nature because of the difference in charge of protons  . charge of  NE atom is higher than the charge of protons of  C atom .

finally we can know that,

the properties of the elements is depend on these factors :

1 - the radioactivity of the elements is depend on the number of  the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom like  C 12 ,and 14 and  NA 23 and 24 and  CO 59  and  60 .and alot of the isotopes.

2 - the valency of the elements is depend on the atomic number .

3 - the nature of the elements , the density , the radius of the atom  ,the velocity of the electrons , the boiling and melting degrees . is effects directly by the charge of the protons .

Essam Gad

e - mail : esamgad_2@yahoo.com